Posts Tagged 'robert burton'

Leaving a Footprint

Doodle Mood Meter

In reaction to what I wrote about the brave and tragic life of Isabelle Eberhardt (in my previous post) a friend who came to share a coffee in my hideout asked about my imaginary “List Of Really Fascinating Long Dead People I Would Have Loved To Meet”.

    What kind of long-dead people (he asked) would qualify for my list? Those who were ahead of their time? The brilliant, creative ones? The ones who were vulnerable and depressed like me? Those who changed the course of history? The nonconformists who dared to be different? The ones who appear to have been truly kind, or attractive? The ones who had a message that still applies today?

    My answer: all those who somehow left us a touching reminder, not necessarily of how great or how special they were, but of how human they were.

The Time MachineWe can get to know them because we are capable of traveling to the past. Old books, movies, paintings, recordings, photos allow us to travel back in time and get into touch with the dead. We can see many of them, have them write or speak to us. From the distant confines of their long-lost lives, a few of them can still share helpful, inspiring, or even comforting words with us.

But that is not all.

    Sometimes while wandering in the past I am really thunderstruck when I happen to see someone who is (was) more than just this person in ruffled antique clothing, with a funny hat or a crazy hairdo. More than just someone talking in strange old-fashioned phrases. Someone who in spite of a strangely outdated appearance still demonstrates a true and honest personality. A person whose footprints, left long ago on the same beaches where we walk today, suddenly remind me that I’m not the first nor the only one going here. A long-dead person who was just as alive as you and me. That recognition can strike me like a wake-up slap in my face.

    These are the people who may have struggled to shape their lives in totally different times, and in ways very different from our own, but who might just as well have lived today. Whether in the end they were successful or a failure doesn’t really matter. They still seem so understandable and so human, I would like to invite them tomorrow for a drink. For a long, interesting conversation or perhaps a heated discussion. It’s a pity that Death will not allow us that kind of time travel.

Robert Burton    I do occasionally highlight some of them here. Maybe you remember my post about Robert Burton, an Oxford scholar who lived 400 years ago. Struggling with his severe depressions, in 1640 he finally killed himself. He did however leave something behind for us all – a very impressing track of footprints indeed. For he wrote the first complete book ever about depression and how to try coping with it. Today, that book is a difficult read because of Ye Olde English language and the many classical quotes. But if we do our best, we can still sense how this man was doggedly trying to save himself. It is not just what he wrote, but his moving effort that makes him human like us.

    Frankly, I must confess to a bit of self-aggrandizement here. I am very much aware that in, say the year 2100, I will be a long-dead person too. But secretly, I do hope a few of my footprints will not be entirely blown away from the sands of time. A slim chance of course, but maybe in 2112 a loony lonely searcher will re-discover my long-forgotten Messerschmitt suicide novel, or my academic works about parents and children. Maybe he will (in a dusty Internet archive with antique monitor thingies) chance upon this weird, primitive, old-fashioned blog. “A blog? You mean all typed in, in characters?” “Yes that’s what they used to do back then, you know, they didn’t even have Mind-Frumples yet.”

FootprintsMaybe one or two people out there in the future will happen to hear my distant voice and realize that once, long ago, I tried hard to be just as human as them.

    Isn’t that what we all secretly want? Not to be forgotten entirely, not to be wiped out forever completely?

    At difficult times, maybe a tiny little whiff of such high aspirations can help us to keep going. The brief span of our life is a one-time opportunity to try and leave something for others. It doesn’t need to be something great or wonderful or polished: simply a little piece of you. If only a letter, a song, a poem, a drawing, a memory, a few words from your heart. Something personal that – even when you are no longer around – may leave an impression showing who you were and where you went. A footprint.


 tip: – an ambitious tip, I admit –
    When you feel very depressed, when you feel you have lived your whole messy and troubled life for nothing, when death is perhaps already haunting your thoughts, do ask yourself what you would like to leave behind. If not for faraway future generations, then for whoever comes next. For your friends or your children.
    Don’t waste that opportunity. Trying to leave them one small footprint can help you realize that perhaps your life has not been completely worthless. So this could not only be of value to others: it also might help yourself.


 

18th-Century Blues

Doodle Mood Meter

The history of depression (meaning not one’s personal life history, but the story of how people viewed and experienced depression in the past) will always keep fascinating me. I already told you about Robert Burton’s 1621 book The Anatomy of Melancholy: a milestone in the history of depression (which at that time was not yet called depression, but ‘melancholy’). Some of the reasons for my historical interest are:

  • recognizing that depression is not a modern invention, that centuries ago people might suffer from what is basically the same condition as your own;
  • unearthing long-forgotten experience-based tips (like some of Burton’s advices) that might still be worth considering;
  • getting a new and fresh view of depression, because people in different times and cultures used very different words to describe it;
  • being impressed by differences between then and now, for example when you see how people had to cope without today’s medication;
  • discovering how professional anti-depression therapies have radically evolved, changed and contradicted each other over the last 150 years.

This week, I found something nice online. In 2008*, the universities of Northumbria and Sunderland in the UK started a three-year interdisciplinary research project Before Depression: the Representation and Culture of ‘The English Malady’, 1660-1800. The central question of this project was: What was depression like before it was called depression?

1803 DepressionWith researchers from Britain and other countries, the project included a conference, lectures, an exhibition of “visual materials” (including the Friedrich woodcut I reproduce here), and of course several publications and two PhD papers. The project appears to have run until January 2011*, but it has left behind an interesting website, Before Depression.

On that website, the Project page has a summary of what the project intended to do: using primarily literary 17th and 18th century source material (“poetry, fiction and drama, and also letters, journals, pamphlets and biographical and autobiographical work”) and combine all this with material from “the history of medicine and science, social and cultural history and art history” in order to get a better idea of the presence, role and persistence of depression in British culture at that time (between 1660-1800).

    What I did not like at the Before Depression website is a problem with the long list of interesting-looking lectures: all are invitingly listed as downloads, but it turns out you can get them only in the form of MP3 audio files to listen to. As a fast reader, I myself find listening to a whole slew of lecturing experts way too time-consuming. But for who doesn’t mind, here is a link to the download page listing all lectures (they will ask you to fill in a simple form first, nothing to be afraid of).

    What I did like on the other hand, was the illustrated catalogue of the project’s art exhibition: 18th-Century Blues: exploring the melancholy mind. It has an interesting text (probably a simplified version of one of the lectures) about the presence of depression in the visual arts. It also has some nice and sometimes intriguing pictures, from Albrecht Dürers well-known 1514 Melancholia to an 1810 self portrait by Luke Clennell (I never heard of him before). This catalogue is certainly worth a look and it can be easily downloaded as a PDF file from the project’s Exposition page (left column, first link).

Melancholy Experience* UPDATE:
A correction-and-addition thanks to Allan Ingram, the site’s manager and one of the participants in the project.
    He told me that the actual project ran from 2006 to late 2009. But related publications still keep appearing: last April, Melancholy Experience in Literature of the Long Eighteenth Century by Allan Ingram and others. See the publisher’s page about the book for more info.
    Next year the project team will publish Depression and Melancholy, a four-volume set of primary sources about depression in the 18th century. In case you wonder, “primary source” always refers to original information dating from the period you are studying – a book, a poem, a pamphlet, someone’s diary, a newspaper article and so on: for example, it might even be what you read on an old gravestone. Although I don’t know yet what texts will be selected for this collection of sources about depression, I am fairly sure this will be really interesting: like hearing voices from the past.


 tip: Sometimes we tend to forget that the past was not inhabited by weirdly robed long-dead people wearing ridiculous wigs and hats, but by living people who lived, loved, cried, laughed and felt just like us.
    If you remember this the next time you visit a museum, then some of those portraits might suddenly start talking to you.


 

Taming Sleep

Doodle Mood Meter

In 1621, in the first comprehensive book ever written about depression, Robert Burton advised his fellow-sufferers to “Sleep a little more than ordinary.” He did not leave it at this and also discussed ways and medicines to overcome insomnia, what to do when suddenly awaking from ghastly nightmares, and more. But he did not give the one advice that so many people will glibly give you today: try sleeping at night only, not in the daytime. Maybe he already knew from his own experience that such an advice would be too simple – that in the midst of a deep depression, it might even be off the mark.

    It has always surprised me how even the well-trained professional staff in modern psychiatric hospitals often tries to keep all depression patients active and awake all afternoon, in the illusion this might help everyone to sleep better at night. I think they are confusing a few things. Of course adhering to normal, customary sleep timing would theoretically be nice and a good thing to do. But for very depressed people this should not become a goal by itself: then it might even make matters worse.

BedDiagnostic handbooks (think of the DSM-IV) acknowledge that individual depression patients may actually sleep either much more, or much less than the healthy adults’ average 7-8 daily hours. This divergence indicates that the actual number of hours we sleep is not the main issue here. The real question is whether we get a normal night of sound sleep, and if we don’t get it, whether we should compensate for this.

    One of several reasons why deep depression can be so exhausting, is that the depression-treadmill within our head may (a) interrupt our sleep more often, and (b) make it more difficult to fall asleep again afterwards. In other words, depression tends to fragment our total sleep time into smaller, more fitful blocks of sleep. Because such smaller blocks of sleep are overall less effective than one normal uninterrupted block of sleep, it might make sense to put in a few extra hours. This is what Burton meant 400 years ago with his advice “Sleep a little more than ordinary.”

    I think the remarkable divergence in total sleep time for depression patients can be partly explained by the fact that some patients bravely try to fight their impulses and to stay awake all day long (so without compensating for their less effective sleep at night) while other patients follow their impulses and do take extra daytime naps. And I agree with Burton that this second option is probably the better one. For failing to compensate for one’s loss of sleep quality may aggravate exhaustion, which in turn will almost certainly worsen one’s depression. So maybe for some depression patients, the staff people in psychiatric wards ought to encourage taking an afternoon nap, instead of discouraging it.

Fallen Asleep    However, some reasonable structuring of one’s moments of sleep might make sense. This implies marking some kind of boundary, a noticeable demarcation line between being awake and being asleep. During my own deep depression in the past weeks, I sometimes failed to draw such a clear line. As a result, I would for example slowly slip away into an unintended doze while sitting on the couch watching TV – waking up again in front of the same TV two hours later.

    If you allow this kind of thing to happen, it will add to your feeling of having lost all control over your own day – afterwards, in your memory, such a day may feel even more fuzzy, depressing and pointless than it already felt at the start. Rather than feeling refreshed by your unintended nap, you will easily start reproaching yourself for your lack of self-discipline, even though you actually did need some extra sleep.

    The “clear demarcation line” I mentioned is not difficult to achieve. When halfway through the day you feel a strong physical urge to sleep, do decide for a brief intentional sleeping pause instead of letting a blurry half-intended nap sneak in and take over your day. Meaning (a) do not fall asleep somewhere in your work space or living room, but take some sleep in the one proper place for sleeping: your bed. And (b) do set an alarm, so you won’t wake up only to realize that you have slept away half the day. Even when you feel very depressed and very exhausted, a controlled nap of one or at most one-and-a-half hour may be enough to help you face the rest of the day more actively.

    There is a lot more to say about sleep in relation to depression. I will certainly get back to Burton’s insomnia tips and to the problem of having nightmares. But for the moment I want to leave it at this. For myself, one thing is obvious:


 tip: When you feel exhausted by the usual combination of a bad depression and bad nights, do not ignore those signals of your body. Do allow yourself some extra sleep when you feel that you need it.
    Just separate that nap clearly from the rest of your day, by proper location (bed) and proper duration (alarm clock). Such a controlled nap should not impair your self-respect and may help you to better control the rest of your day.


 

Sense of Time

Time can keep taking us by surprise. Suddenly you can be thrown hours forward in time, or find yourself kicked hours back. You thought you still had half an evening to go, but instead it is midnight. You thought you had left a boring afternoon behind you, and suddenly you realize it is not yet three o’clock. Four hundred years ago my old friend Robert Burton, struggling with his own depressions, already noted the same phenomenon (see at the bottom of this post).

Alarm clock showing twisted timeOf course this can and will happen to everyone. You don’t need to be depressed to lose your sense of time once in a while. In some situations, whether you are carried away making love or concentrating on a dull difficult textbook, actual time and perceived time will easily run out of sync. But when you are very depressed, it looks like this happens more frequently and in a more extreme way. Sometimes it is like sitting in a commuter train where the speakers keep announcing that we are reaching our destination, until you happen to look out of the window and see that the train is still pulling out of the station where you got in.

    A few evenings ago I was stubbornly trying to find some words for this blog, until I thought it was time to have a drink and go to bed. When I looked at my computer’s taskbar clock I discovered it was half past five in the morning. At first I could hardly believe it, but it was. Only then I realized how tired, how exhausted I was. And I also knew with grim certainty that my next day would be another big mess. It is easy to see what went wrong here: my mind had locked into its own dimension. I had ignored the visual marker of the taskbar clock and more important, also ignored any signals from my own body. Until some point when my time awareness was forced on again.

Vincent van Gogh, Old Man in Sorrow (1890)    In the reverse case, when things take less time than you think, there is something equally wrong with the connections (the signals) from your body to your mind. Take a look at Vincent van Gogh’s painting “Old Man in Sorrow”. Van Gogh didn’t paint the man, but rather how that man sits trapped within the desperation of his mind. Now imagine yourself, sitting in that chair while your mind is stampeding with all those depressed, sad, hopeless, inescapable thoughts and feelings. You don’t manage to see anything beyond your mind’s treadmill. Suddenly your phone starts ringing and keeps ringing and this finally pulls you out of your depression loop. You feel like you’ve sat there milling for hours, until a look at the clock shows it must have been more like twenty minutes. In this case again your mind had locked into its own dimension, ignoring any subtle signals from outside – primarily signals from the body, that is.

    Things like your own breathing can be such a signal. Breathing is more or less like the ticking of a clock, within a fairly fixed bandwidth: you will never breathe only once a minute, or ten times per second. The same goes for your heartbeat. If your mind loses its sense of time, then apparently it stopped using the steady rhythms of your own breathing and heartbeat as a more or less automatic time reference in the background. For myself, this is one of the many reasons why I think it is important to try to maintain some physical awareness, some kind of active or at least open connection between what goes on in the mind and what goes on in the body. I don’t always manage it right, but there are several tricks that can help. More about this when we get to “mindfulness”, a nonreligious meditation therapy that in my opinion is overhyped but certainly can be useful (of course the name is wrong: it should be called “bodyfulness”).

    In the meantime, are there simple things that may help prevent this unsettling loss of time sense?


 tip: Here is the simplest trick of all. Outside sleeping hours, if you are alone, set some timer or some alarm that goes off once every hour. A bedside alarm, kitchen clock, the alarm in your cellphone, or a little program in your PC. The alarm must be irritating, and should require some action to switch off and to set it for the next hour again.
    Surely this method is not subtle, but its brute force will help to reset your time awareness (and environment awareness) every hour. If I had used it a few nights ago, I would never have got five hours out of sync.

 a quote from Burton’s “Anatomy of Melancholy”, 1621:

When I go musing all alone
Thinking of divers things fore-known.
When I build castles in the air,
Void of sorrow and void of fear,
Pleasing myself with phantasms sweet,
Methinks the time runs very fleet.

(…)
When I lie waking all alone,
Recounting what I have ill done,
My thoughts on me then tyrannise,
Fear and sorrow me surprise,
Whether I tarry still or go,
Methinks the time moves very slow.


 

The Sound of … Fallen Tree

In my search for songs that somehow catch a glimpse of depression, it’s time for another one. Today this is Melody of a Fallen Tree by the American band Windsor for the Derby.

    It is one of their best known songs: it was used for background music in the 2006 movie Marie Antoinette about the tragic life of the last queen of France. The original song comes from the 2004 Windsor for the Derby album “We Fight Til Death”. This and all their other CDs, with an option to order them, can be found on the site of their label Secretly Canadian.

Fallen Tree

    Why did I select “Melody of a Fallen Tree” here? Because it has a kind of relentless rhythm that evokes the equally relentless way of the milling, never-ending, repeating thoughts in a depressed head. The song itself is clearly subordinate to its own ongoing beat. It begins without words, the endless beat goes on and on and on and on and just as you think they’ll never start singing, they do. But after a little while, when you expect them to sing on, it’s almost like they give up to the force of their own endless beat: they stop singing, while the same monotonous beat keeps going on and on and on and on… Things like this are a matter of personal taste, but I think this is a great song, where the unstoppable repetitive droning of a depressive mind is beautifully translated into music.


Click the green “Play” button – if it’s missing, install Flash.      
For a full StayOnTop playlist, go to the Music page.
      

Now, about the power of music in general, here is what Robert Burton said about in 1621, a time when all music was live music. If you want to skip Burton’s long-windedness, see the one-sentence translation at the bottom. According to Burton, music is:
    “a roaring-meg against melancholy, to rear and revive the languishing soul; affecting not only the ears, but the very arteries, the vital and animal spirits, it erects the mind, and makes it nimble. This it will effect in the most dull, severe and sorrowful souls, expel grief with mirth, and if there be any clouds, dust, or dregs of cares yet lurking in our thoughts, most powerfully it wipes them all away. And that which is more, it will perform all this in an instant. [Music does not only] expel the greatest griefs, but it doth extenuate fears and furies, appeaseth cruelty, abateth heaviness, and to such as are watchful it causeth quiet rest; it takes away spleen and hatred, be it instrumental, vocal, with strings, wind, it cures all irksomeness and heaviness of the soul. Labouring men that sing to their work, can tell as much, and so can soldiers when they go to fight, whom terror of death cannot so much affright, as the sound of trumpet, drum, fife, and such like music. It makes a child quiet, the nurse’s song, and many times the sound of a trumpet on a sudden, bells ringing, a carman’s whistle, a boy singing some ballad tune early in the streets, alters, revives, recreates a restless patient that cannot sleep in the night, &c. In a word, it is so powerful a thing that it ravisheth the soul, the queen of the senses, by sweet pleasure (which is a happy cure), and corporal tunes pacify our incorporeal soul, and carries it beyond itself, helps, elevates, extends it.”

This ancient wisdom translates into the following tip:


 tip: Listening to some music may help to change, soften or even improve your mood.
    I want to add one thing to Burton’s tip: not all music is created equal. Do teach yourself what is the right kind of music, and what kind you better avoid when feeling bad.


 

The Anatomy of Melancholy

In 1621 the Oxford scholar Robert Burton published the book “The Anatomy of Melancholy, What it is: With all the Kinds, Causes, Symptomes, Prognostickes, and Several Cures of it”. Burton (1577-1640) was a vicar, mathematician and astrologer who suffered from severe depressions himself (in Burton’s days “chronic depression” was called “melancholy”). Although in his time suicides were not often discussed in public, after his death in January 1640 there were persistent rumors among his students that he had hanged himself in his chambers at Christ Church College.

    Burton was not the first to write about depression, but he was the first to write an entire, very systematic book about it. This book was based on Burton’s exhaustive collection, with his own interpretations, comments and conclusions, of everything he had read about depression in the works of earlier authors since ancient times. Aside: if you want to know how people in the past have thought about the causes of depression, the medical journal website Priory.com has a brief historical overview by Mead Mathews about that.

    For us present-day readers, Burton’s book is not easy because of the archaic, long-winded style and vocabulary, and because of the cultural background (with knowledge of classical literature) he assumed his readers would share. But a fairly readable copy of The Anatomy of Melancholy is available as a free E-book (in four parts, with translations of the many Latin quotes) at the Project Gutenberg website. So if you want to give it a try, you can.

    Now what makes this book still interesting for us today?
Read on below the image:

Front Page of The Anatomy of Melancholy by Robert Burton

    The first thing that struck me was that Burton around 1620 did write his book for the same reason why I write this blog today. He was very open about that: “I write of melancholy, by being busy to avoid melancholy. There is no greater cause of melancholy than idleness, no better cure than business, [...] better do to no end, than nothing. I wrote therefore, and busied myself in this playing labour [...] When I first took this task in hand, this I aimed at; to ease my mind by writing; for I had a kind of imposthume [= abscess] in my head, which I was very desirous to be unladen of, and could imagine no fitter evacuation than this. [...] And for that cause, I would comfort one sorrow with another, idleness with idleness, make an antidote out of that which was the prime cause of my disease.”

    The second reason why Burton’s The Anatomy of Melancholy is so interesting, is that if you manage to see through his archaic language, much of what he says about causes, symptoms and cures is surprisingly recognizable. Being very depressed 400 years ago was not really different from being very depressed today, and because Burton was the first to describe it all so meticulously and systematically, the first one trying to find words for it all, his descriptions have a certain freshness and originality.

    As for his “cures”, in his time there was little real knowledge of the complex processes inside our body and mind: there were no psychiatrists, no well-organized clinics, no antidepressants or sleeping pills, in fact nothing but some very primitive medical skills which offered no solutions for depression at all. Burton had no option but to find (supported by the classical authors he loved to quote) his own common-sense solutions. Sure, many things he says you will not find in modern books anymore – such as the advice about “bloodletting” in very serious depression cases, or the advice to not consult witches when in search for a cure. But other things, for example his extensive consideration of moderate and regular eating habits, may still be valid today.

    Burton was the first to describe depression as a serious mental illness. Despite the limited medical knowledge of his time, he tried to do so in a systematic, original and sometimes still striking way. Because of that, I want to honor him. I will do that on just a few occasions (don’t worry) by injecting a tiny little dose of Burton into the veins of this depression blog.


 tip: OK, here is a tip by Robert Burton.
“Although our ordinary air be good by nature or art, yet it is not amiss, as I have said, still to alter it; no better physic for a melancholy man than change of air, and variety of places, to travel abroad and see fashions.”
    Translation: Once in a while do get off your lazy ass, forget your dull daily routine, and force yourself to see and try something new.


 


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Today In History:

Omar KhayyamMay 18, 1048 –
Birth date of the famous Persian genius (mathematician, astronomer, mystical philosopher, poet) Omar Khayyám.
   Here is a quatrain from his Rubáiyát, as translated in 1988 by Karim Emami:
 
It's early dawn, my love, open your eyes and arise,
Gently imbibing and playing the lyre;
For those who are here will not tarry long,
And those who are gone will not return.

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